--Joy A. James and Joao Costa Vargas, "Refusing Blackness as Victimization: Trayvon Martin and the Black Cyborgs" (193)
Thursday, October 17, 2013
Quote 10/17/13
"What happens when, instead of becoming enraged and shocked every time a black person is killed in the United States, we recognize black death as a predictable and constitutive aspect of this democracy? What will happen then if instead of demanding justice we recognize (or at least consider) that the very notion of justice-indeed the gamut of political and cognitive elements that constitute formal, multiracial democratic practices and institutions-produces or requires black exclusion and death as normative?"
--Joy A. James and Joao Costa Vargas, "Refusing Blackness as Victimization: Trayvon Martin and the Black Cyborgs" (193)
--Joy A. James and Joao Costa Vargas, "Refusing Blackness as Victimization: Trayvon Martin and the Black Cyborgs" (193)
Friday, October 4, 2013
October...Surprise? Commentators on the Federal Shutdown Miss the Point
Many commentators view the shutdown of the federal government with shocked outrage. Recently, Andrew Sullivan has been showing moderates the "racial and cultural panic" that lies at the heart of the opposition to Obamacare and the Obama presidency more generally.
For Sullivan, racism and "cultural panic" have "compounded" a backlash that basically has been in the making since white opposition to the African American Civil Rights struggles of the 1950s and 1960s. In other words, what we are seeing is racist manipulation of rhetoric by political leaders of the Republican Party.
Like so many critics of the right wing's drive toward self destruction, Sullivan only speaks about the leaders, not the vast numbers of followers who elect them. The real question shouldn't just be how can these radical GOP leaders hijack the American system by adding in racism to their anti-Democrat rhetoric, but also why does the general racist sentiment that underwrites their behavior find such ready reception in the general American population?
Here's the thing: It isn't just the leaders who are leading. They know what plays in Peoria. They are taking their cues from white America's predisposition to think of Black people and anything associated with us with everything negative. One of the big mistakes that moderates, liberals, and progressives make is their assumption that the federal government shutdown represents a failure of America leadership. From the perspective of Black thought, it is the success of America, and, specifically, of American antiblackness. The problem is that most people commenting on the shutdown-- conservatives, moderates, liberals, and progressives-- don't want to listen to Black thought. If they did, they wouldn't be surprised and would plan accordingly, like John Brown and Marilyn Buck did.
John Brown, abolitionist, didn't just vocally oppose slavery and say it was wrong and anti-American. He attacked slaveholders. He and a group of Black and white freedom fighters were executed for attempting to start a slave rebellion in Harper's Ferry, Virginia.
Marilyn Buck, a member of the Weather Underground, put her life and freedom on the line to execute the daring escape of Assata Shakur from behind bars. She was let out of prison to die from cancer in 2010.
I'll tell ya this. Students of Black history aren't surprised by the fact that white folks will shut the whole works down just so Black people don't get shit. Even beginner students of Black history could tell you that. There are 8-year-olds who could tell you that white people in Greene County, Alabama, burned down their own judicial institutions and records rather than see Black farmers get justice from landowning white elites, that white people in New Hampshire pulled a school house off of its foundations and shot canon shells at the dorms rather than see black children attend, that white constituencies have shut down entire public school districts and shelled out for private schools rather than see Black children attend integrated public schools, and that white people in Michigan have said that not living next door to Black people is what makes a neighborhood decent. This is not a matter of public opinion and measurable attitudes alone because it stays remarkably consistent over time. It is more like what's called a structure of feeling of just not wanting Black people to have any say in how state power is utilized. Martin Gilens recently wrote a book showing that working class white people routinely vote against their own economic interests rather than see a social safety net expanded that might include Black people, most notably the so-called Reagan Democrats of the 1980 and 1984 US presidential elections. Shutting down the society so Black folks can't have something ain't a new phenomenon.
In 1835, Noyes Academy in Canaan, New Hampshire, was dragged into a swamp by white farmers who didn't want Black students to attend the school with white students. Painting by Mikel Wells
So should we really be surprised that the vanguard of white supremacy will shut down a whole government rather than see a Black president's healthcare reform law go into effect--rather than see anything the Black people could benefit from? Hell fuck no.
In a Lacanian way of thinking, doing something beyond the point where it is healthy is the sign of a death drive. This is a compulsion to pursue a goal beyond the point where it is pleasurable or helpful to other goals. We all have it, to some extent, and it's not a mental illness per se. It's an indication that at some level we desire something more than we desire pleasure. It is a sign that we are capable of acting according to an ethics.
Sullivan can see this too. He says "it's headed for defeat" and "will take down" much of the nation until it is stopped. So he can see that it's a "lost cause" that white Americans nonetheless fight for. He might even use the term "lost cause" to trace it back to the ways white southerners narrativized their loss of the US Civil War to white northerners.
But that's what's so interesting about the extremity of this anti-Obama obstructionism and, before Obama, of the willingness to destroy civic institutions just so Black people can't have shit: The folks who do this stuff believe in their heart of hearts that they are doing the right thing. For them, it truly is an ethical drive. That means that, for whatever reasons, Black people are the index of absolute otherness. In the words of Fanon, to white folks, we Black folks signify "the lower emotions, the baser inclinations, the dark side of the soul" (Black Skin, White Masks 94). To them, we are not fully human. And acting according to that understanding is, at some level, ethical.
And that is the sick something that the Tea Partyites share with other white folks. In fact, whiteness itself is the realization, at many deep levels of the psyche and across various scales of social existence, that Black people are not human. That's what whiteness is. The fact that we Black folks are human and are sitting there saying we're human in infinite varieties of ways makes not a whiff of difference.
To be fair, not all white folks are outright oppositional to Obama or to Black humanity more generally. Some white people take our protestations of humanity and use it to feel good about themselves and their own struggles, often by policing us and telling us what we really meant to say when we said "I am Human." These people are called liberals or, more charitably, almost all of the left, who will co-opt the energies of our own Black ethical drive for freedom and use those energies to advance the interests of everybody else-- unions, white women, people of color, folks who love those of the same sex, etc.-- by calling themselves "the new Blacks" or overwriting the history of our freedom struggles with their own struggles. Sullivan does this by saying that the antiblack racism that Black folks know is at least 500 years old is really only about 50 years old, possibly 150 years old. He's reducing something that we know underwrites America itself to something that corresponds to how white people think about their own struggles.
And this is what's so half-assed about what Sullivan and lots of commentators about the federal government shutdown say. There is ample reason not to be surprised in the least that the obstructionism to Obama has shut down the federal government. The ruse of surprise is a manifestation of cowardice in the face of the plain facts of Black life. It is a failure to listen to what Black people have been saying for more than 500 years. The weakness of white liberals is that they pretend to be surprised by the shit that their cousins and uncles and mothers in the Tea Party are doing and have been doing to make Black life in America a living hell. But make no mistake: In about a month and some change, they'll all be sitting around the turkey (or the Tofurky vegetarian option) at Thanksgiving. And the knife on the table in between the Tea Party father who openly hates Black humanity and the "friend-of-the-negro" daughter who thinks Black people are just angry and misguided will be going in that turkey, not where it would be going if that daughter were unsurprised by her father's racist fascism and were committed to freedom.
Don't get me wrong. Obama's a weak-ass president who hasn't advanced Black people's interests. But as weak as the health care law and President Obama are to overcome this Amerikkan society's compulsive desire to murder Black people, what's missing from mainstream discourse about it all is an analysis of how antiblack racism fundamentally structures this entire American system that Sullivan speaks about.
No electoral politics will address that.
We will have to perform an attentive listening to what America is-- and always has been-- already telling us: that we were never meant to survive. And then we have to pick up whatever implement is nearest at hand and we have to tear this whole shit down and start over.
But when we Black folks, and the non-Black folks who are our true comrades, get out in the streets, don't be surprised. It's 500 years in the making.
I’m talking about the difference between opposition to a president’s agenda and a belief that he is somehow an impostor, illegitimate, and a usurper for reasons that seem, in the end, to come down to racial and cultural panic. Do I have to recount the endless accusations against Obama of such? No president has been subjected to endless litigation of his birth certificate or his religious faith (as if the latter mattered anyway). No president has been heckled in a State of the Union address with the words “You lie!” as Obama was....
...So I have long been puzzled not by legitimate opposition to various policies but by the frenzy of it. Call it the education of an English conservative in the long tortured history of American pseudo-conservatism.
In the end, I could only explain the foam-flecked frenzy of opposition to Clinton and Obama by the sense that the Civil Rights Revolution of the 1960s was the defining event for a certain generation, that the backlash to it was seen as a restoration of the right people running the country (i.e. no minorities with real clout), and that Clinton’s and even more Obama’s victories meant this narrative was revealed as an illusion. This is compounded by racial and cultural panic – against gays, immigrants, Muslims, Latinos etc – and cemented by a moronic, literalist, utterly politicized version of Christianity....It is inherently irrational. It knows somewhere deep down that it is headed for defeat. But it will take down as much of the country, economy and constitution as it can while doing so.
For this time, as they surely know, Reconstruction will not be on their terms. They have no agenda because the multi-racial, multi-cultural, moderate-right country they live in is a refutation of their core identity. So race and culture fuel this – perhaps not explicitly or even consciously for some, but surely powerfully for many. And we are reaching a perilous moment as their cultural marginalization intensifies and their political defeat nears. After that, the rage could become truly destabilizing, unless some kind of establishment Republican leadership can learn to lead again. America and the world need to batten down the hatches.
For Sullivan, racism and "cultural panic" have "compounded" a backlash that basically has been in the making since white opposition to the African American Civil Rights struggles of the 1950s and 1960s. In other words, what we are seeing is racist manipulation of rhetoric by political leaders of the Republican Party.
Like so many critics of the right wing's drive toward self destruction, Sullivan only speaks about the leaders, not the vast numbers of followers who elect them. The real question shouldn't just be how can these radical GOP leaders hijack the American system by adding in racism to their anti-Democrat rhetoric, but also why does the general racist sentiment that underwrites their behavior find such ready reception in the general American population?
Here's the thing: It isn't just the leaders who are leading. They know what plays in Peoria. They are taking their cues from white America's predisposition to think of Black people and anything associated with us with everything negative. One of the big mistakes that moderates, liberals, and progressives make is their assumption that the federal government shutdown represents a failure of America leadership. From the perspective of Black thought, it is the success of America, and, specifically, of American antiblackness. The problem is that most people commenting on the shutdown-- conservatives, moderates, liberals, and progressives-- don't want to listen to Black thought. If they did, they wouldn't be surprised and would plan accordingly, like John Brown and Marilyn Buck did.
John Brown, abolitionist, didn't just vocally oppose slavery and say it was wrong and anti-American. He attacked slaveholders. He and a group of Black and white freedom fighters were executed for attempting to start a slave rebellion in Harper's Ferry, Virginia.
Marilyn Buck, a member of the Weather Underground, put her life and freedom on the line to execute the daring escape of Assata Shakur from behind bars. She was let out of prison to die from cancer in 2010.
I'll tell ya this. Students of Black history aren't surprised by the fact that white folks will shut the whole works down just so Black people don't get shit. Even beginner students of Black history could tell you that. There are 8-year-olds who could tell you that white people in Greene County, Alabama, burned down their own judicial institutions and records rather than see Black farmers get justice from landowning white elites, that white people in New Hampshire pulled a school house off of its foundations and shot canon shells at the dorms rather than see black children attend, that white constituencies have shut down entire public school districts and shelled out for private schools rather than see Black children attend integrated public schools, and that white people in Michigan have said that not living next door to Black people is what makes a neighborhood decent. This is not a matter of public opinion and measurable attitudes alone because it stays remarkably consistent over time. It is more like what's called a structure of feeling of just not wanting Black people to have any say in how state power is utilized. Martin Gilens recently wrote a book showing that working class white people routinely vote against their own economic interests rather than see a social safety net expanded that might include Black people, most notably the so-called Reagan Democrats of the 1980 and 1984 US presidential elections. Shutting down the society so Black folks can't have something ain't a new phenomenon.
In 1835, Noyes Academy in Canaan, New Hampshire, was dragged into a swamp by white farmers who didn't want Black students to attend the school with white students. Painting by Mikel Wells
So should we really be surprised that the vanguard of white supremacy will shut down a whole government rather than see a Black president's healthcare reform law go into effect--rather than see anything the Black people could benefit from? Hell fuck no.
In a Lacanian way of thinking, doing something beyond the point where it is healthy is the sign of a death drive. This is a compulsion to pursue a goal beyond the point where it is pleasurable or helpful to other goals. We all have it, to some extent, and it's not a mental illness per se. It's an indication that at some level we desire something more than we desire pleasure. It is a sign that we are capable of acting according to an ethics.
Sullivan can see this too. He says "it's headed for defeat" and "will take down" much of the nation until it is stopped. So he can see that it's a "lost cause" that white Americans nonetheless fight for. He might even use the term "lost cause" to trace it back to the ways white southerners narrativized their loss of the US Civil War to white northerners.
But that's what's so interesting about the extremity of this anti-Obama obstructionism and, before Obama, of the willingness to destroy civic institutions just so Black people can't have shit: The folks who do this stuff believe in their heart of hearts that they are doing the right thing. For them, it truly is an ethical drive. That means that, for whatever reasons, Black people are the index of absolute otherness. In the words of Fanon, to white folks, we Black folks signify "the lower emotions, the baser inclinations, the dark side of the soul" (Black Skin, White Masks 94). To them, we are not fully human. And acting according to that understanding is, at some level, ethical.
And that is the sick something that the Tea Partyites share with other white folks. In fact, whiteness itself is the realization, at many deep levels of the psyche and across various scales of social existence, that Black people are not human. That's what whiteness is. The fact that we Black folks are human and are sitting there saying we're human in infinite varieties of ways makes not a whiff of difference.
To be fair, not all white folks are outright oppositional to Obama or to Black humanity more generally. Some white people take our protestations of humanity and use it to feel good about themselves and their own struggles, often by policing us and telling us what we really meant to say when we said "I am Human." These people are called liberals or, more charitably, almost all of the left, who will co-opt the energies of our own Black ethical drive for freedom and use those energies to advance the interests of everybody else-- unions, white women, people of color, folks who love those of the same sex, etc.-- by calling themselves "the new Blacks" or overwriting the history of our freedom struggles with their own struggles. Sullivan does this by saying that the antiblack racism that Black folks know is at least 500 years old is really only about 50 years old, possibly 150 years old. He's reducing something that we know underwrites America itself to something that corresponds to how white people think about their own struggles.
And this is what's so half-assed about what Sullivan and lots of commentators about the federal government shutdown say. There is ample reason not to be surprised in the least that the obstructionism to Obama has shut down the federal government. The ruse of surprise is a manifestation of cowardice in the face of the plain facts of Black life. It is a failure to listen to what Black people have been saying for more than 500 years. The weakness of white liberals is that they pretend to be surprised by the shit that their cousins and uncles and mothers in the Tea Party are doing and have been doing to make Black life in America a living hell. But make no mistake: In about a month and some change, they'll all be sitting around the turkey (or the Tofurky vegetarian option) at Thanksgiving. And the knife on the table in between the Tea Party father who openly hates Black humanity and the "friend-of-the-negro" daughter who thinks Black people are just angry and misguided will be going in that turkey, not where it would be going if that daughter were unsurprised by her father's racist fascism and were committed to freedom.
Don't get me wrong. Obama's a weak-ass president who hasn't advanced Black people's interests. But as weak as the health care law and President Obama are to overcome this Amerikkan society's compulsive desire to murder Black people, what's missing from mainstream discourse about it all is an analysis of how antiblack racism fundamentally structures this entire American system that Sullivan speaks about.
No electoral politics will address that.
We will have to perform an attentive listening to what America is-- and always has been-- already telling us: that we were never meant to survive. And then we have to pick up whatever implement is nearest at hand and we have to tear this whole shit down and start over.
But when we Black folks, and the non-Black folks who are our true comrades, get out in the streets, don't be surprised. It's 500 years in the making.
Tuesday, October 1, 2013
"Let's Have a Revolution": Yummy and Tupac
CORRECTION: the name of the gang involved in the Robert Sandifer case was Gangster Disciples. The change is reflected below.
"8-year-olds gettin' found with nine-mils..."
--Mos Def, "Mathematics
It's a reminder of how America fails black children on multiple levels. Late August and early September were the anniversaries of two 1994 murders of children by children-- Shavon Dean, 14, and Robert "Yummy" Sandifer, 11-- in Chicago. Yummy, so called because of his love of snack food, was accused of murdering Dean, an innocent bystander, on August 28, 1994, during a shooting spree that Yummy reportedly did to join a street gang, the Gangster Disciples. Days later, on September 1, Yummy was himself found shot to death, execution style, beneath a Chicago viaduct. Two Gangster Disciplines who had reportedly been harboring Yummy, brothers Cragg Hardaway, 16, and Derrick Hardaway, 14, were later convicted of Yummy's murder.
Super Predators and Bell Curves
As many newspapers and magazines noted at the time, the tragedy of a web of murder with children as the only participants demanded attention. It would be a haunting prediction of the unparalleled levels of violence seen in Chicago in recent years. But, as Gregory Caldwell's unpublished dissertation manuscript discusses, the way the media framed Yummy as a pathological figure--someone who can't be saved and must be eradicated-- was, in itself, part of the process of how subjects like Yummy are formed.
Caldwell shows that even the ways we speak or write about Black children are part of the forces that shape Black children. He reminds us that subjects like Yummy don't just come out of nowhere. They are shaped by specific sets of political, economic, geographic, legal, psychological, and social forces, including the very media that comments on them and makes them out to be "Super Predators" who are born "ready to die."
Ready to Die
People are all-too ready to say that rap music isn't just a commentary on violence in the community but is part of a "culture of violence" that is largely to blame for that violence. But they are never ready to say that non-Black commentators on Black youths are part of America's culture of violence against Black people.
That's bullshit.
It assumes that Black people have power over the contexts we are shaped in. But if being an oppressed or persecuted group means anything, it means that such power is precisely what we do not have. Consider geography as just one example. We largely live in segregated neighborhoods and food deserts, but it's not because we only want to live around other Black folks just because. These neighborhoods are also largely places of deprivation where we are underserviced by local governments, medical institutions, the private sector, and, especially, schools. And we live there because we don't possess the power to determine who we live and raise our families near. Realtors, developers, planners, and legislators largely shape the geographies in which we negotiate our lives. We make the best out of the scraps we are given. But don't get it twisted: We are given the leftovers after the corporations and circulating desires of white gentrifiers and the police have staked their claims. We live in the narrow spaces that those other sets of white interests do not desire. And these spaces are largely bad for us. They are, in fact, killing us. Ghettos, in and of themselves, are acts of violence against the people who live in them. And Black children largely grow up and live out life in these spaces.
So, when we talk about the criminal activities of Black youths, we are also talking about the contexts in which they are shaped as subjects, contexts over which they have no power, contexts that are aimed at destroying them. And when we pathologize Black youths, we are assisting that genocidal context.
Yummy killed Shavon, and the murder of a Black child must be prevented if Black people are going to survive. When it happens, it must be called out and mourned. And if a community organizes itself around anything, it must organize around threats to the survival of its members. But part of that organizing entails correctly diagnosing the problem. If we focus on Yummy as the source of the problem, we pretend that a Black child is to blame for all the ills of the Black community that set his life on the course to kill another Black child in the first place. And to blame Black youths for the conditions in which they are formed, we would have to ignore the larger structural forces of antiblack racism that make Black communities the kinds of places that produce youths who can murder other Black youths at the age of 11. Not only that, but in blaming Yummy for how he was formed, we would have to become part of the problem of antiblackness. And that is the fundamental problem.
Let's be clear: Blameworthiness is not a feature of childhood for any other group of people except Black people. We don't have to cling to the old notion that children are "innocent"-- whatever that means or ever meant. We just have to acknowledge that no other group is blamed for as many of the problems of life in modern society as Black youths are, even though no group is as powerless in modern society as Black youths are. Non-Black people who blame Black people for the problems we face-- and the Black people who echo them-- need to shut the fuck up because they are part of the problem. They've had their day. They've had hegemonic control over the media surrounding Black youths. You Google "Black youths" and most of what comes up will be about what they, the pathologizers, said about Black youths. And we are where we are largely because their commentary has been part and parcel of the apparatuses arrayed against us. In previous times, they have helped justify the 100-to-1 powder-to-crack cocaine enforcement disparities and mandatory minimums. Who knows what they'll think up next? I'm not even sure they think. Mostly, they just react from an affect of fearfulness toward Black people and Black youths specifically.
We, Black commentators who are students of Black freedom struggle, have to radically reshape our approach to describing the panoply of problems Black youths must confront before they are even born, problems over which they couldn't possibly have control. Caldwell reminds us that we have to develop an ethic for how we talk about Black life. That ethic must be part of our efforts to take back our communities.
"Stop Being Cowards and Let's Have a Revolution"
The larger media narrative routinely places Black youths as the cause of the problems they face. But within the Black community, there are forces at work attempting to reshape these narratives and encourage Black youths to enjoy childhood, educate themselves, and move to the next level the best way they can. There is a way to ethically talk about the problems Black youths face without pathologizing Black youths.
Tupac Shakur was interested in the story of Robert "Yummy" Sandifer. Shakur dedicated his song "Young Niggaz" to Sandifer "And all other lil' young niggas that's in a rush to be gangstas." Tupac hoped to discourage youths from running in the streets like Yummy did, but he did so without giving in to the larger media narrative of Black youth pathology. In 1995, Tupac also did a very significant and underappreciated interview while incarcerated at Clinton prison in New York state in which a large image of Yummy is prominently displayed behind him, seeming to gaze expectantly at Tupac and the viewer, a gaze that, as Caldwell suggests, looks like the "vacant," thousand-yard stare of an adult with post-traumatic stress disorder who is on the verge of exploding. In the interview, Tupac elaborates a larger political vision for how gangs and musicians could help the community: "Now, if we do wanna live the thug life and the gangster life and all of that, okay, so stop being cowards and let's have a revolution" (18:59).
Tupac is revealing the need to connect our commentaries on Black life to the ethico-political movement to take control of our communities-- that is, to revolution, a real, fundamental change in the social order by any means necessary. "Don't support the phonies, support the real. You know what I'm saying? How can these people be talking about how they so real and they don't care about our communities?" (26:30). We need an ethics of describing Black life that is accountable to Black freedom struggle. Absent that accountability, we are part of the genocidal problem.
"8-year-olds gettin' found with nine-mils..."
--Mos Def, "Mathematics
It's a reminder of how America fails black children on multiple levels. Late August and early September were the anniversaries of two 1994 murders of children by children-- Shavon Dean, 14, and Robert "Yummy" Sandifer, 11-- in Chicago. Yummy, so called because of his love of snack food, was accused of murdering Dean, an innocent bystander, on August 28, 1994, during a shooting spree that Yummy reportedly did to join a street gang, the Gangster Disciples. Days later, on September 1, Yummy was himself found shot to death, execution style, beneath a Chicago viaduct. Two Gangster Disciplines who had reportedly been harboring Yummy, brothers Cragg Hardaway, 16, and Derrick Hardaway, 14, were later convicted of Yummy's murder.
 |
| Shavon Dean |
As many newspapers and magazines noted at the time, the tragedy of a web of murder with children as the only participants demanded attention. It would be a haunting prediction of the unparalleled levels of violence seen in Chicago in recent years. But, as Gregory Caldwell's unpublished dissertation manuscript discusses, the way the media framed Yummy as a pathological figure--someone who can't be saved and must be eradicated-- was, in itself, part of the process of how subjects like Yummy are formed.
Exemplifying the tone of the coverage, the Time magazine issue of September 19, 1994, ran the cover story “Murder in miniature“ with the face of 11-year-old Robert “Yummy” Sandifer staring out from the cover. The title read “The Short,Violent Life of Robert “Yummy” Sandifer, So Young to Kill, SoYoung to Die.” The origin of the photograph is unclear, but it appears to be a mug shot. The corn row hair braiding, dark skin, and emotionally vacant face of the young Sandifer constructs a “miniature” version of the Black “gangsta” that had come to ubiquitously signify youthful Black masculinity by mid the 1990s.
For the writers at Time, “Yummy” was the latest in an ongoing mediated representation of the irredeemable Black, child or adult. Even in childhood, blackness marked “Yummy” as being beyond the power of humanity to (re)form. This is an argument that echoes the rhetoric of Charles Murray and Richard Herrnstein in their infamous assault on the intellectual capabilities of Blacks, The Bell Curve : Intelligence And Class Structure In American Life (Herrnstein and Murray), where they argue that black children lack the cognitive abilities of white children and therefore should be discouraged from reproduction. Being born bad, impossible to socialize, a born menace, Robert “Yummy” Sandifer and children like him posed a special threat to American civil society, according to right-wing social scientists and social critics. By 1995, John J. Dilulio Jr. had developed the thesis of the “Super Predator” in the Weekly Standard article “The Coming Of The Super-Predators”(Dilulio).Yummy was used by conservatives to cut the social safety net and replace it with the prison dragnet, and he was used by liberals to point out the need for their social interventions in Black communities. Yummy's short life became a symbol for the pathology of street gangs, but, as Caldwell's analysis says, before we make a symbol of an 11-year-old kid, we should ask what forces shaped him. It matters that Yummy had been abused from a very young age and was likely without adequate adult supervision his entire life. It matters that crack cocaine, a drug introduced to Black communities by agents working on behalf of the US government, had destroyed his family and community. Yummy's life could serve as a reminder to stop pathologizing Black children, to understand how children could be involved in a web of murder that took the innocent life of Shavon Dean, that set Yummy up to never really live the life of a child. Instead, his case goes unremarked. And obviously, the pathologizing continues. Black pathology is the grounding assumption of laws like "stand your ground" and the school-prison connection.
Caldwell shows that even the ways we speak or write about Black children are part of the forces that shape Black children. He reminds us that subjects like Yummy don't just come out of nowhere. They are shaped by specific sets of political, economic, geographic, legal, psychological, and social forces, including the very media that comments on them and makes them out to be "Super Predators" who are born "ready to die."
 |
| The Notorious BIG's first album was titled Ready to Die and featured an image of a Black baby in diapers. |
People are all-too ready to say that rap music isn't just a commentary on violence in the community but is part of a "culture of violence" that is largely to blame for that violence. But they are never ready to say that non-Black commentators on Black youths are part of America's culture of violence against Black people.
That's bullshit.
It assumes that Black people have power over the contexts we are shaped in. But if being an oppressed or persecuted group means anything, it means that such power is precisely what we do not have. Consider geography as just one example. We largely live in segregated neighborhoods and food deserts, but it's not because we only want to live around other Black folks just because. These neighborhoods are also largely places of deprivation where we are underserviced by local governments, medical institutions, the private sector, and, especially, schools. And we live there because we don't possess the power to determine who we live and raise our families near. Realtors, developers, planners, and legislators largely shape the geographies in which we negotiate our lives. We make the best out of the scraps we are given. But don't get it twisted: We are given the leftovers after the corporations and circulating desires of white gentrifiers and the police have staked their claims. We live in the narrow spaces that those other sets of white interests do not desire. And these spaces are largely bad for us. They are, in fact, killing us. Ghettos, in and of themselves, are acts of violence against the people who live in them. And Black children largely grow up and live out life in these spaces.
So, when we talk about the criminal activities of Black youths, we are also talking about the contexts in which they are shaped as subjects, contexts over which they have no power, contexts that are aimed at destroying them. And when we pathologize Black youths, we are assisting that genocidal context.
Yummy killed Shavon, and the murder of a Black child must be prevented if Black people are going to survive. When it happens, it must be called out and mourned. And if a community organizes itself around anything, it must organize around threats to the survival of its members. But part of that organizing entails correctly diagnosing the problem. If we focus on Yummy as the source of the problem, we pretend that a Black child is to blame for all the ills of the Black community that set his life on the course to kill another Black child in the first place. And to blame Black youths for the conditions in which they are formed, we would have to ignore the larger structural forces of antiblack racism that make Black communities the kinds of places that produce youths who can murder other Black youths at the age of 11. Not only that, but in blaming Yummy for how he was formed, we would have to become part of the problem of antiblackness. And that is the fundamental problem.
Let's be clear: Blameworthiness is not a feature of childhood for any other group of people except Black people. We don't have to cling to the old notion that children are "innocent"-- whatever that means or ever meant. We just have to acknowledge that no other group is blamed for as many of the problems of life in modern society as Black youths are, even though no group is as powerless in modern society as Black youths are. Non-Black people who blame Black people for the problems we face-- and the Black people who echo them-- need to shut the fuck up because they are part of the problem. They've had their day. They've had hegemonic control over the media surrounding Black youths. You Google "Black youths" and most of what comes up will be about what they, the pathologizers, said about Black youths. And we are where we are largely because their commentary has been part and parcel of the apparatuses arrayed against us. In previous times, they have helped justify the 100-to-1 powder-to-crack cocaine enforcement disparities and mandatory minimums. Who knows what they'll think up next? I'm not even sure they think. Mostly, they just react from an affect of fearfulness toward Black people and Black youths specifically.
We, Black commentators who are students of Black freedom struggle, have to radically reshape our approach to describing the panoply of problems Black youths must confront before they are even born, problems over which they couldn't possibly have control. Caldwell reminds us that we have to develop an ethic for how we talk about Black life. That ethic must be part of our efforts to take back our communities.
"Stop Being Cowards and Let's Have a Revolution"
The larger media narrative routinely places Black youths as the cause of the problems they face. But within the Black community, there are forces at work attempting to reshape these narratives and encourage Black youths to enjoy childhood, educate themselves, and move to the next level the best way they can. There is a way to ethically talk about the problems Black youths face without pathologizing Black youths.
Tupac Shakur was interested in the story of Robert "Yummy" Sandifer. Shakur dedicated his song "Young Niggaz" to Sandifer "And all other lil' young niggas that's in a rush to be gangstas." Tupac hoped to discourage youths from running in the streets like Yummy did, but he did so without giving in to the larger media narrative of Black youth pathology. In 1995, Tupac also did a very significant and underappreciated interview while incarcerated at Clinton prison in New York state in which a large image of Yummy is prominently displayed behind him, seeming to gaze expectantly at Tupac and the viewer, a gaze that, as Caldwell suggests, looks like the "vacant," thousand-yard stare of an adult with post-traumatic stress disorder who is on the verge of exploding. In the interview, Tupac elaborates a larger political vision for how gangs and musicians could help the community: "Now, if we do wanna live the thug life and the gangster life and all of that, okay, so stop being cowards and let's have a revolution" (18:59).
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| Tupac Shakur with a photo of Robert "Yummy" Sandifer in the background |